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 Android教程網 >> Android技術 >> 關於Android編程 >> Android Service啟動過程完整分析

Android Service啟動過程完整分析

編輯:關於Android編程

剛開始學習Service的時候以為它是一個線程的封裝,也可以執行耗時操作。其實不然,Service是運行在主線程的。直接執行耗時操作是會阻塞主線程的。長時間就直接ANR了。

我們知道Service可以執行一些後台任務,是後台任務不是耗時的任務,後台和耗時是有區別的喔。
這樣就很容易想到音樂播放器,天氣預報這些應用是要用到Service的。當然如果要在Service中執行耗時操作的話,開個線程就可以了。

關於Service的運行狀態有兩種,啟動狀態和綁定狀態,兩種狀態可以一起。
啟動一個Service只需調用Context的startService方法,傳進一個Intent即可。看起來好像很簡單的說,那是因為Android為了方便開發者,做了很大程度的封裝。那麼你真的有去學習過Service是怎麼啟動的嗎?Service的onCreate方法回調前都做了哪些准備工作?

先上一張圖大致了解下,灰色背景框起來的是同一個類中的方法,如下圖:

那接下來就從源碼的角度來分析Service的啟動過程。

當然是從Context的startService方法開始,Context的實現類是ContextImpl,那麼我們就看到ContextImpl的startService方法即可,如下:

@Override
public ComponentName startService(Intent service) {
  warnIfCallingFromSystemProcess();
  return startServiceCommon(service, mUser);
}

會轉到startServiceCommon方法,那跟進startServiceCommon方法方法瞧瞧。

private ComponentName startServiceCommon(Intent service, UserHandle user) {
  try {
    validateServiceIntent(service);
    service.prepareToLeaveProcess();
    ComponentName cn = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().startService(
      mMainThread.getApplicationThread(), service, service.resolveTypeIfNeeded(
            getContentResolver()), getOpPackageName(), user.getIdentifier());

  //代碼省略

    return cn;
  } catch (RemoteException e) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Failure from system", e);
  }
}

可以看到調用了ActivityManagerNative.getDefault()的startService方法來啟動Service,ActivityManagerNative.getDefault()是ActivityManagerService,簡稱AMS。

那麼現在啟動Service的過程就轉移到了ActivityManagerService,我們關注ActivityManagerService的startService方法即可,如下:

@Override
public ComponentName startService(IApplicationThread caller, Intent service,
    String resolvedType, String callingPackage, int userId)
    throws TransactionTooLargeException {

   //代碼省略

  synchronized(this) {
    final int callingPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
    final int callingUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
    final long origId = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    ComponentName res = mServices.startServiceLocked(caller, service,
        resolvedType, callingPid, callingUid, callingPackage, userId);
    Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(origId);
    return res;
  }
}

在上述的代碼中,調用了ActiveServices的startServiceLocked方法,那麼現在Service的啟動過程從AMS轉移到了ActiveServices了。

繼續跟進ActiveServices的startServiceLocked方法,如下:

ComponentName startServiceLocked(IApplicationThread caller, Intent service, String resolvedType,
    int callingPid, int callingUid, String callingPackage, int userId)
    throws TransactionTooLargeException {

  //代碼省略

  ServiceLookupResult res =
    retrieveServiceLocked(service, resolvedType, callingPackage,
        callingPid, callingUid, userId, true, callerFg);

  //代碼省略


  ServiceRecord r = res.record;

  //代碼省略

  return startServiceInnerLocked(smap, service, r, callerFg, addToStarting);
}

在startServiceLocked方法中又會調用startServiceInnerLocked方法,

我們瞧瞧startServiceInnerLocked方法,

ComponentName startServiceInnerLocked(ServiceMap smap, Intent service, ServiceRecord r,
    boolean callerFg, boolean addToStarting) throws TransactionTooLargeException {
  ProcessStats.ServiceState stracker = r.getTracker();
  if (stracker != null) {
    stracker.setStarted(true, mAm.mProcessStats.getMemFactorLocked(), r.lastActivity);
  }
  r.callStart = false;
  synchronized (r.stats.getBatteryStats()) {
    r.stats.startRunningLocked();
  }
  String error = bringUpServiceLocked(r, service.getFlags(), callerFg, false);

  //代碼省略

  return r.name;
}

startServiceInnerLocked方法內部調用了bringUpServiceLocked方法,此時啟動過程已經快要離開ActiveServices了。繼續看到bringUpServiceLocked方法。如下:

private final String bringUpServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r, int intentFlags, boolean execInFg,
    boolean whileRestarting) throws TransactionTooLargeException {

    //代碼省略

    if (app != null && app.thread != null) {
      try {
        app.addPackage(r.appInfo.packageName, r.appInfo.versionCode, mAm.mProcessStats);
        realStartServiceLocked(r, app, execInFg);
        return null;
      } 

    //代碼省略

    return null;
}

省略了大部分if判斷,相信眼尖的你一定發現了核心的方法,那就是
realStartServiceLocked,沒錯,看名字就像是真正啟動Service。那麼事不宜遲跟進去探探吧。如下:

private final void realStartServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r,
    ProcessRecord app, boolean execInFg) throws RemoteException {

  //代碼省略

  boolean created = false;
  try {

    //代碼省略
    app.forceProcessStateUpTo(ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_SERVICE);
    app.thread.scheduleCreateService(r, r.serviceInfo,
        mAm.compatibilityInfoForPackageLocked(r.serviceInfo.applicationInfo),
        app.repProcState);
    r.postNotification();
    created = true;
  } catch (DeadObjectException e) {
    Slog.w(TAG, "Application dead when creating service " + r);
    mAm.appDiedLocked(app);
    throw e;
  } 

  //代碼省略

  sendServiceArgsLocked(r, execInFg, true);

  //代碼省略

}

找到了。app.thread調用了scheduleCreateService來啟動Service,而app.thread是一個ApplicationThread,也是ActivityThread的內部類。此時已經到了主線程。
那麼我們探探ApplicationThread的scheduleCreateService方法。如下:

public final void scheduleCreateService(IBinder token,
    ServiceInfo info, CompatibilityInfo compatInfo, int processState) {
  updateProcessState(processState, false);
  CreateServiceData s = new CreateServiceData();
  s.token = token;
  s.info = info;
  s.compatInfo = compatInfo;

  sendMessage(H.CREATE_SERVICE, s);
}

對待啟動的Service組件信息進行包裝,然後發送了一個消息。我們關注這個CREATE_SERVICE消息即可。

public void handleMessage(Message msg) {

    //代碼省略

    case CREATE_SERVICE:
      Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceCreate");
      handleCreateService((CreateServiceData)msg.obj);
      Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
      break;

    //代碼省略

}

在handleMessage方法中接收到這個消息,然後調用了handleCreateService方法,跟進handleCreateService探探究竟:

private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) {
  // If we are getting ready to gc after going to the background, well
  // we are back active so skip it.
  unscheduleGcIdler();

  LoadedApk packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
      data.info.applicationInfo, data.compatInfo);
  Service service = null;
  try {
    java.lang.ClassLoader cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader();
    service = (Service) cl.loadClass(data.info.name).newInstance();
  } catch (Exception e) {
    if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
      throw new RuntimeException(
        "Unable to instantiate service " + data.info.name
        + ": " + e.toString(), e);
    }
  }

  try {
    if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Creating service " + data.info.name);

    ContextImpl context = ContextImpl.createAppContext(this, packageInfo);
    context.setOuterContext(service);

    Application app = packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
    service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app,
        ActivityManagerNative.getDefault());
    service.onCreate();
    mServices.put(data.token, service);
    try {
      ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().serviceDoneExecuting(
          data.token, SERVICE_DONE_EXECUTING_ANON, 0, 0);
    } catch (RemoteException e) {
      // nothing to do.
    }
  } catch (Exception e) {
    if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
      throw new RuntimeException(
        "Unable to create service " + data.info.name
        + ": " + e.toString(), e);
    }
  }
}

終於擊破,這個方法很核心的。一點點分析

首先獲取到一個LoadedApk對象,在通過這個LoadedApk對象獲取到一個類加載器,通過這個類加載器來創建Service。如下:

java.lang.ClassLoader cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader();
service = (Service) cl.loadClass(data.info.name).newInstance();

接著調用ContextImpl的createAppContext方法創建了一個ContextImpl對象。

之後再調用LoadedApk的makeApplication方法來創建Application,這個創建過程如下:

public Application makeApplication(boolean forceDefaultAppClass,
    Instrumentation instrumentation) {
  if (mApplication != null) {
    return mApplication;
  }

  Application app = null;

  String appClass = mApplicationInfo.className;
  if (forceDefaultAppClass || (appClass == null)) {
    appClass = "android.app.Application";
  }

  try {
    java.lang.ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader();
    if (!mPackageName.equals("android")) {
      initializeJavaContextClassLoader();
    }
    ContextImpl appContext = ContextImpl.createAppContext(mActivityThread, this);
    app = mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.newApplication(
        cl, appClass, appContext);
    appContext.setOuterContext(app);
  } catch (Exception e) {
    if (!mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
      throw new RuntimeException(
        "Unable to instantiate application " + appClass
        + ": " + e.toString(), e);
    }
  }
  mActivityThread.mAllApplications.add(app);
  mApplication = app;

  if (instrumentation != null) {
    try {
      instrumentation.callApplicationOnCreate(app);
    } catch (Exception e) {
      if (!instrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
          "Unable to create application " + app.getClass().getName()
          + ": " + e.toString(), e);
      }
    }
  }

  // Rewrite the R 'constants' for all library apks.
  SparseArray<String> packageIdentifiers = getAssets(mActivityThread)
      .getAssignedPackageIdentifiers();
  final int N = packageIdentifiers.size();
  for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    final int id = packageIdentifiers.keyAt(i);
    if (id == 0x01 || id == 0x7f) {
      continue;
    }

    rewriteRValues(getClassLoader(), packageIdentifiers.valueAt(i), id);
  }

  return app;
}

當然Application是只有一個的,從上述代碼中也可以看出。

在回來繼續看handleCreateService方法,之後service調用了attach方法關聯了ContextImpl和Application等

最後service回調了onCreate方法,

service.onCreate();
mServices.put(data.token, service);

並將這個service添加進了一個了列表進行管理。

至此service啟動了起來,以上就是service的啟動過程。

你可能還想要知道onStartCommand方法是怎麼被回調的?可能細心的你發現了在ActiveServices的realStartServiceLocked方法中,那裡還有一個sendServiceArgsLocked方法。是的,那個就是入口。

那麼我們跟進sendServiceArgsLocked方法看看onStartCommand方法是怎麼回調的。

private final void sendServiceArgsLocked(ServiceRecord r, boolean execInFg,
    boolean oomAdjusted) throws TransactionTooLargeException {
  final int N = r.pendingStarts.size();

    //代碼省略

    try {

    //代碼省略

      r.app.thread.scheduleServiceArgs(r, si.taskRemoved, si.id, flags, si.intent);
    } catch (TransactionTooLargeException e) {
      if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Transaction too large: intent="
          + si.intent);
      caughtException = e;
    } catch (RemoteException e) {
      // Remote process gone... we'll let the normal cleanup take care of this.
      if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Crashed while sending args: " + r);
      caughtException = e;
    } 

    //代碼省略
}

可以看到onStartCommand方法回調過程和onCreate方法的是很相似的,都會轉到app.thread。那麼現在就跟進ApplicationThread的scheduleServiceArgs。
你也可能猜到了應該又是封裝一些Service的信息,然後發送一個消息, handleMessage接收。是的,源碼如下:

public final void scheduleServiceArgs(IBinder token, boolean taskRemoved, int startId,
  int flags ,Intent args) {
  ServiceArgsData s = new ServiceArgsData();
  s.token = token;
  s.taskRemoved = taskRemoved;
  s.startId = startId;
  s.flags = flags;
  s.args = args;

  sendMessage(H.SERVICE_ARGS, s);
}

public void handleMessage(Message msg) {

    //代碼省略

    case SERVICE_ARGS:
      Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceStart");
      handleServiceArgs((ServiceArgsData)msg.obj);
      Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
      break;

    //代碼省略
}

咦,真的是這樣。謎底應該就在handleServiceArgs方法了,那麼趕緊瞧瞧,源碼如下:

private void handleServiceArgs(ServiceArgsData data) {
  Service s = mServices.get(data.token);
  if (s != null) {
    try {
      if (data.args != null) {
        data.args.setExtrasClassLoader(s.getClassLoader());
        data.args.prepareToEnterProcess();
      }
      int res;
      if (!data.taskRemoved) {
        res = s.onStartCommand(data.args, data.flags, data.startId);
      } else {
        s.onTaskRemoved(data.args);
        res = Service.START_TASK_REMOVED_COMPLETE;
      }

      QueuedWork.waitToFinish();

      try {
        ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().serviceDoneExecuting(
            data.token, SERVICE_DONE_EXECUTING_START, data.startId, res);
      } catch (RemoteException e) {
        // nothing to do.
      }
      ensureJitEnabled();
    } catch (Exception e) {
      if (!mInstrumentation.onException(s, e)) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "Unable to start service " + s
            + " with " + data.args + ": " + e.toString(), e);
      }
    }
  }
}

可以看到回調了onStartCommand方法。

以上就是Service的啟動過程的源碼分析。

從中,我理解了Service的啟動過程的同時,閱讀源碼的能力也提高了,分析源碼的時候我沒能力把每一個變量,每一個方法都搞懂,我關注的都是一些關鍵的字眼,比如這篇文章就是start呀,service呀。會有那種感覺,就是這裡沒錯了。當然如果陷入胡同了也要兜出來。

這樣的分析也能夠摸清整體的過程,對於細節,等我有扎實的功底了在去研究吧。

以上就是本文的全部內容,希望對大家的學習有所幫助,也希望大家多多支持本站。

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